Wednesday 2 October 2019

Lead Acid Battery


Lead Acid Battery


Definition: The battery that uses sponge lead and lead peroxide for the conversion of the energy into power, such kind of battery is named a lead-acid battery.
 The lead-acid battery is most typically utilized in the facility stations and substations as a result of it's higher cell voltage and lower prices.



Construction of Lead Acid Battery


The various components of the lead-acid battery are shown below. The container and therefore the plates are the most a part of the lead-acid battery. The container stores energy that is reborn into electricity by the assistance of the plates.




 Container

The container of the lead-acid battery is created of glass, lead-lined wood, ebonite, the gum elastic of hydrocarbon compound, ceramic materials or molded plastics and are seated at the top to avoid the discharge of electrolyte. At the bottom of the container, there are four ribs, on two of them rest the positive plate and the others support the negative plates.


The prism serves as the support for the plates and at the same time protects them from a short-circuit. The material of which the battery containers are made should be resistant to sulfuric acid, should not deform or porous, or contain impurities which damage the electrolyte.


 Plate 

 The plate of the lead-acid the cell is of diverse design and they all 

consist of some form of a grid that is made up of lead and the active

 material. The grid is essential for conducting the electric current 

and for distributing the current equally on the active material. If the

 current is not uniformly distributed, then the active material will 

loosen and fall out.


The grids square measure created by Associate in Nursing alloy of lead and metallic element. These are usually made with the transverse rib that crosses the places at a right angle or diagonally. The grid for the positive and negative plates are of the same design, but the grids for the negative plates are made lighter because they are not as essential for the uniform conduction of the current.
The plates of the battery are of two types. They are the formed plates or plate plates and pasted or Faure plates.
Plante’s plates are used largely for stationary batteries as these are heavier in weight and more costly than the pasted plates. But the plates are more durable and less liable to lose active material by rapid charging and discharging. The plates plate has a low capacity weight-ratio.

Faure method is far appropriate for producing negative plates instead of positive plates. The negative active material is quite tough, and it undergoes a comparatively low change from charging and discharging.


3. Active Material –    The material in the cell that takes active participation during a chemical change (absorption or evolution of electrical energy) throughout charging or discharging is termed the active material of the cell. The active elements of the lead-acid are...

    1. Lead peroxide (PbO2)        It forms the positive active material. The PbO2  are dark chocolate broom in color.

   2. Sponge lead  Its form the negative active material. It is grey in color.

   3. Dilute Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) – It is used as an electrolyte. It contains 31% of sulfuric acid.


       The lead peroxide and sponge lead, which form the negative and positive active materials have the little mechanical strength and therefore can be used alone.



Separators  

 The separators square measure skinny sheets of non-conducting 

material created with chemicals treated leadwood, porous 

rubbers, or mats of glass fiber and are placed between the positive

 and negative to insulate them from each other. Separators are 

grooved vertically on one side and are smooth on the other side.

Battery Terminals 

 A battery has two terminals the positive and the negative. The 

positive terminal with a diameter of 17.5 mm at the top is slightly 

larger than the negative terminal which is 16 mm in diameter.



Working Principle of Lead Acid Battery


When the oil of vitriol dissolves, its molecules divide into positive element ions (2H+) and salt negative ions (SO4—) and move freely.
If the two electrodes are immersed in solutions and connected to DC supply then the hydrogen ions being positively charged and moved towards the electrodes and connected to the negative terminal of the supply. The SO4— ions being negatively charged moved towards the electrodes connected to the positive a terminal of the supply main (i.e., anode).

 
Each hydrogen ion takes one electron from the cathode, and every sulphates ion takes the 2 negative ions from the anodes and react with water and type sulphuric and atomic number 1 acid.

The oxygen, that made from the higher than equation react with lead chemical compound and type lead peroxide (PbO2.) Thus, throughout charging the lead cathode stay as lead, however, lead anode gets
converted into lead peroxide, chocolate in color.

If the DC source of supply is disconnected and if the voltmeter


 connects between the electrodes, it will show the potential 

difference between them. If a wire connects the electrodes, then 

current will flow from the positive plate to the negative plate 

through external circuit i.e. the cell is capable of supplying electrical energy.


Chemical Action During Discharging

When the cell is full discharge, then the anode is of lead peroxide (PbO2) and a cathode is of metallic sponge lead (Pb).
When the electrodes area unit connected through a resistance, the cell discharge and electrons flow in an exceeding direction opposite to it throughout charging.

The hydrogen ions move to the anode and reaching the anodes receive one electron from the anode and becomes hydrogen atom. The hydrogen atom comes in contact with a PbO2, so it attacks and forms lead sulphate (PbSO4), whitish in color and water according to the chemical equation.


sulphate particle (SO4—) moves towards the cathode and 

reaching there offers up 2 electrons become radical SO4, attack the 

antimony lead cathode and type lead salt whitish in color according to the chemical equation.


 

Chemical Action During Recharging

For recharging, the anode and cathode are connected to the positive and the negative terminal of the DC supply mains. The molecules of the sulfuric acid break up into ions of 2H+ and SO4—. The hydrogen ions being positively charged move towards the cathodes and receive two electrons from there and form a hydrogen atom.

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